Optimized method for dna extraction and PCR amplification in aroeira tree

Molecular markers are important tools in the characterization of plant genetic diversity and can provide support for conservation strategies for endangered populations. The different molecular techniques involve the evaluation of many individuals; therefore, it is crucial to have fast, efficient, and inexpensive methods for DNA extraction. Given the importance of the Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.) it is pertinent to optimize a protocol that allows the obtainment of intact and pure DNA, aiming to assist conservation strategies for this species that is threatened with extinction. Thus, this study aimed to compare five DNA extraction methods: Dellaporta et al. (1983), Doyle and Doyle (1987) modified, Ferreira and Grattapaglia (1995), Romano and Brasileiro (2015), and Khanuja et al. (1999) and optimize the most efficient protocol for M. urundeuva. The modified DNA extraction protocol proposed by Doyle and Doyle (1987), using 100 mg of leaf tissue and 6 µl of ß-mercaptoethanol was the protocol that presented the sharpest bands after DNA electrophoresis and after the reactions of amplification employing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Therefore, it is suggested to use the protocol described by Doyle and Doyle (1987) modified for the extraction of DNA from young M. urundeuva leaves to carry out techniques involving molecular markers.

High-intensity resistance exercise and Schinus terenbinthifolius supplementation attenuate oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers / El ejercicio de resistencia de alta intensidad y la suplementación con Schinus terenbinthifolius atenúan los biomarcadores del estrés oxidativo y daño muscular

SUMMARY: High-intensity physical exercises can cause oxidative stress and muscle damage. Several medicinal plants have been used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study evaluated high-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) associated with Schinus Terebentifholius ethanolic extract (EE) on oxidative parameters and muscle damage in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into 04 groups (n=10/group): 1. Control (CG) - animals that did not undergo HIRE and were treated with vehicle (distilled water, orally); 2. Acute exercise (AE) - animals submitted to acute exercise session; 3. Exercise + vehicle (EV) - animals that underwent HIRE and were treated with vehicle and 4. Exercise + extract (EX) animals administered with Schinus terebenthifolius EE (100mg/Kg, orally) and submitted to the exercise session. Schinus terebenthifolius EE showed high in vitro antioxidant activity (13.88 ± 0.36 mg/mL). Before the experimental period, lactate was measured at pre and post moments of AE (p<0.0001) and EX (p<0.0001) groups. After the acute session, the following were evaluated: oxidative stress {malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl groups (SH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)}, muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In the in vivo analyses of the EX group compared to AE and EV groups, respectively: hepatic (MDA: p<0.0001 and SH: p=0.0033, in both; FRAP: p=0.0011 and p=0.0047), muscle (MDA, SH and FRAP: p<0.0001, in both; CK: p=0.0001 and p<0.0001; LDH: p<0.0001, in both), serum levels (MDA: p=0.0003, p=0.0012, SH: p=0.0056, p=0.0200, FRAP: p=0.0017 and p=0.0165) were significant. There was no significant difference in ALT and AST markers. It could be concluded that Schinus terebenthifolius EE associated with HIRE attenuated oxidative stress and muscle damage in rats.

RESUMEN: Los ejercicios físicos de alta intensidad pueden causar estrés oxidativo y daño muscular. Varias plantas medicinales se han utilizado como agentes antioxidantes y antiinflamatorios. El presente estudio evaluó el ejercicio de resistencia de alta intensidad (HIRE) asociado con el extracto etanólico (EE) de Schinus terebentifholius sobre los parámetros oxidativos y el daño muscular en ratas Wistar. Los animales se dividieron en 4 grupos (n=10/grupo): 1. Control (GC) - animales que no se sometieron a HIRE y fueron tratados con vehículo (agua destilada, por vía oral); 2. Ejercicio agudo (AE) - animales sometidos a sesión de ejercicio agudo; 3. Ejercicio + vehículo (EV) - animales que se sometieron a HIRE y fueron tratados con vehículo y 4. Ejercicio + extracto (EX) animales administrados con Schinus terebenthifolius EE (100 mg/kg, por vía oral) y sometidos a la sesión de ejercicio. Schinus terebenthifolius EE mostró una alta actividad antioxidante in vitro (13,88 ± 0,36 mg/mL). Antes del período experimental, se midió el lactato en los momentos pre y post de los grupos AE (p<0,0001) y EX (p<0,0001). Tras la sesión aguda, se evaluaron: el estrés oxidativo malondialdehído (MDA), grupos sulfhidrilo (SH) y poder antioxidante reductor férrico (FRAP), daño muscular (creatina quinasa (CK) y lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH)), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). En los análisis in vivo del grupo EX frente a los grupos AE y EV, respectivamente: hepático (MDA: p<0,0001 y SH: p=0,0033, en ambos; FRAP: p=0,0011 y p=0,0047), muscular (MDA, SH y FRAP: p<0,0001, en ambos; CK: p=0,0001 y p<0,0001; LDH: p<0,0001, en ambos), niveles séricos (MDA: p=0,0003, p=0,0012, SH: p=0,0056, p=0,0200, FRAP: p=0,0017 y p=0,0165) fueron significativas. No hubo diferencia significativa en los marcadores ALT y AST. Se podría concluir que Schinus terebenthifolius EE asociado con HIRE atenuó el estrés oxidativo y el daño muscular en ratas.

Bioactive phenolic compounds and organic acids in the decoction of fruits and leaves of Schinus areira L / Compuestos fenólicos bioactivos y ácidos orgánicos en la decocción de frutos y hojas de Schinus areira L

Leaf and fruit decoctions of Schinus areira L. from northwest Argentina were investigated here. Phenolic compounds and organic acids were analyzed by HPLC. Antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibition were determined by using in vitro tests. The general toxicity was assessed against Artemia salina nauplii. Hyperoside and 3 O-caffeoylquinic acid in leaf decoctions; gallic acid and catechin in fruit decoction were the major phenolic compounds. Malic and citric acids were the main organic acid quantified in the leaf and fruit decoctions, respectively. Fruit decoction had a relatively important content of shikimic acid, precursor of Tamiflu. Leaf decoction presents a greater richness in bioactive compounds with antiradical activity against DPPH●, O2●-and ●NO radicals. S. areira leaves and fruits had α-glucosidase inhibitory activity comparable to hyperoside and acarbose. Fruit decoction was not eco-toxic; leaf decoction showed significant eco-toxic activity and could be chosen for the search of other bioactive compounds with pharmacological activity.

Se investigaron decocciones de hojas y frutos de Schinus areira L. del noroeste de Argentina. Compuestos fenólicos y ácidos orgánicos se analizaron mediante HPLC. Capacidad antioxidante e inhibición de α-glucosidasa se determinaron in vitro. Se evaluó toxicidad general con Artemia salina. Los principales compuestos fenólicos fueron hiperósido y ácido 3 O-cafeoilquínico en hojas y ácido gálico y catequina en frutos. Los principales ácidos orgánicos cuantificados fueron málico en hojas y cítrico en frutos. Ácido shikímico, precursor del Tamiflu está presente en decocción de frutos con un contenido relativamente importante. La de hojas presenta una mayor riqueza en compuestos bioactivos con actividad antirradicalaria frente a DPPH●, O2●-y ●NO. Las hojas y frutos de S. areira tenían una actividad inhibidora de la α-glucosidasa comparable a la de hiperósido y acarbosa. La decocción de frutas no fue eco-tóxica, pero sí la de hojas que podría ser fuente de compuestos bioactivos con actividad farmacológica.

Extracts and purified substances of Cabralea canjerana inhibit hatching and extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius kill juveniles of meloidogyne incognita

Nematicidal substances have been identified from plants and are potentially useful for the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Cabralea canjerana, (Meliaceae) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) produce bioactive compounds during their secondary metabolism and little is known about the effect of such substances on plant-parasitic nematodes. In the present study, we assessed the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. canjerana and S. terebinthifolius at 1% (m:v) and purified substances from C. canjerana (gedunin, ocotillone, cabraleadiol, a mixture of ocotillone + cabraleadiol and a mixture of shoreic acid + eichlerianic acid) on hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles. Aqueous extracts of C. canjerana fruits and seeds reduced hatching by 70.3 to 95.7%. Aqueous extracts of S. terebinthifolius fruits killed 42.8 to 77.1% of juveniles. The purified substances of C. canjerana inhibited the hatching of M. incognita from 57 to 90% and did not increase the mortality of juveniles. Therefore, C. canjerana extracts and its purified substances reduce M. incognita hatching and aqueous extracts of S. terebinthifolius kill J2 of this nematode.

Biological properties of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi essential oil

Abstract Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi green fruits essential oil (EO) was evaluated regarding its phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and toxicity. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was applied to identify its constituents, thereafter the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations, and its antibiofilm activity were evaluated. The EO cytotoxicity was assessed in tumor and non-tumor human cells, and in vivo toxicity was evaluated in a Galleria mellonella model. The major constituents of S. terebinthifolia EO were alpha-phellandrene and beta-phellandrene. The EO had a weak activity against all strains of Candida albicans (MIC 1000µg/mL) and had no activity against non-albicans strains, bacteria, and C. albicans biofilm. Cytostatic activity against all tumor cell lines was shown. Additionally, cell viability remained at EO concentrations up to 62.5 µg/mL. At 16 mg/mL, 50% hemolysis was observed, and it had low toxicity in vivo. Overall, the S. terebinthifolia EO was characterized by low antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, with no evidence of toxicity to human tumor and non-tumor cells

Development and evaluation of topical formulations that contain hydroethanolic extract from Schinus terebinthifolia against HSV-1 infection

Abstract The therapeutic drugs to treat Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have toxic side effects and there has been an emergence of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, the search for new treatments for HSV infections is mounting. In the present study, semi-solid formulations containing a crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) from Schinus terebinthifolia were developed. Skin irritation, cutaneous permeation, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the formulations were investigated. Treatment with the ointment formulations did not result in any signs of skin irritation while the emulsions increased the thickness of the epidermis in Swiss mice. The cutaneous permeation test indicated that the CHE incorporated in the formulations permeated through the skin layers and was present in the epidermis and dermis even 3 h after topical application. In vivo antiviral activity in BALB/c mice treated with the CHE ointments was better than those treated with the CHE emulsions and did not significantly differ from an acyclovir-treated group. Taken together, this suggests that the incorporation of CHE in the ointment may be a potential candidate for the alternative topical treatment of herpetic lesions.

Effect of Spondias mombin L. extract on the wettability, roughness, color and morphology of bovine enamel

Although Spondias mombin L. extract has an excellent antimicrobial effect against oral microorganisms, it should be clarified how it affects enamel surface properties. Aim: To evaluate the color change, wettability/contact angle, surface roughness and morphology of bovine enamel submitted to the Spondias mombin L. extract. Methods: Thirty bovine teeth were distributed into the following groups: 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, 1:32 Spondias mombin L. extract and distilled water. Color change (CC) was evaluated after immerging specimens into the solutions for 14 days. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a roughness meter; wettability/contact angles (CA) were determined by the sessile drop method, and scanning electron microscopy images were obtained to characterize the morphology (SMA). The pH of the solutions was evaluated using a pHmeter. The Ra, CA, and CC data were parametric (Kolmogorov-Smirnov; p>0.05). Two-way ANOVA (for Ra and CA) and one-way ANOVA (for CC) with Tukey's posthoc tests at a significance level of 5% were used. SMA was analyzed descriptively. Results: The Spondias mombin L. extract revealed an acidic pH, and when in contact with the bovine teeth, it increased the wettability, but it did not cause statistically significant differences in the Ra. Spondias mombin L. extract caused the highest color change. The SEM images showed differences in the specimens' surface submitted to the extract compared to the other groups. Conclusion: Spondias mombin L. extract provided negative effects on bovine enamel's surface, including a high color change and a more wettable substrate

Spondias mombin (Anarcadiaceae): molecular characterization and conservation / Spondias mombin (Anarcadiaceae): caracterización molecular y conservación

Abstract Introduction: The fruit of the yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) is notable due to its sensory and functional qualities. However, there is little knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of this species, and this would aid the implantation of the cultivation of the fruit as a crop, since current production is based on extractivism. Objective: Evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of natural populations of S. mombin in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, through microsatellite molecular markers in order to assist in the implementation of conservation strategies and the collection of genetic resources. Methods: A total of 139 S. mombin individuals were sampled in ten natural populations. PCR amplifications were performed with seven fluorescence-marked microsatellite primers. Genetic diversity was evaluated by the number of alleles, expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), polymorphic information content (PIC), fixation index (ƒ), rare and exclusive alleles. The genetic structure was evaluated using AMOVA, UPGMA dendrogram and Bayesian statistical analysis. Results: 46 alleles were amplified, which had an average of 6.6 alleles per locus. He was higher than Ho and f was positive, indicating the presence of inbreeding. The PIC ranged from 0.048 to 0.700, and only two loci were poorly informative. We found 27 rare alleles and 16 unique alleles. The largest component of variation was intrapopulational (90.64 %). The estimated gene flow was 1.99, which indicates that there is no genetic isolation between populations, and justifies the FST value (0.0963). The ten populations were grouped into two groups, and two populations constituted an isolated group. The Mantel test demonstrated that the genetic structure is not related to the geographic distance between populations. Conclusion: There is genetic diversity in the populations of S. mombin, which must be conserved in situ or ex situ, due to the diversity they present and because they are promising sources for collection of germplasm.

Resumen Introducción: El fruto amarillo del jobo o yuplón (Spondias mombin L.) destaca por sus cualidades sensoriales y funcionales. Sin embargo, existe poco conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de esta especie, lo que ayudaría a la implantación del cultivo del fruto como cultivo, ya que la producción actual se basa en el extractivismo. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad y estructura genética de poblaciones naturales de S. mombin en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, a través de marcadores moleculares microsatélites para ayudar en la implementación de estrategias de conservación y recolección de recursos genéticos. Métodos: Se muestrearon un total de 139 individuos de S. mombin en diez poblaciones naturales. Las amplificaciones por PCR se realizaron con siete cebadores de microsatélites marcados con fluorescencia. La diversidad genética se evaluó por el número de alelos, heterocigosidad esperada (He) y observada (Ho), contenido de información polimórfica (PIC), índice de fijación (ƒ), alelos raros y exclusivos. La estructura genética se evaluó mediante AMOVA, dendrograma UPGMA y análisis estadístico bayesiano. Resultados: Se amplificaron 46 alelos, los cuales tenían un promedio de 6.6 alelos por locus. Fue más alto que Ho y f positivo, lo que indica la presencia de endogamia. El PIC osciló entre 0.048 y 0.700, y solo dos loci fueron poco informativos. Encontramos 27 alelos raros y 16 alelos únicos. El mayor componente de variación fue intrapoblacional (90.64 %). El flujo de genes estimado fue de 1.99, lo que indica que no hay aislamiento genético entre poblaciones y justifica el valor de FST (0.0963). Las diez poblaciones se agruparon en dos grupos y dos poblaciones constituyeron un grupo aislado. La prueba de Mantel demostró que la estructura genética no está relacionada con la distancia geográfica entre poblaciones. Conclusión: Existe diversidad genética en las poblaciones de S. mombin, la cual debe ser conservada in situ o ex situ, por la diversidad que presentan y porque son fuentes promisorias para la recolección de germoplasma.

Diversity and genetic structure of Spondias tuberosa (Anacardiaceae) accessions based on microsatellite loci / Diversidad y estructura genética de "accesiones" de Spondias tuberosa (Anacardiaceae) basadas en loci de microsatélites

Abstract Introduction: Spondias tuberosa is a tree endemic to the semiarid region of Brazil with fruticulture potential. Objective: To estimate the diversity and genetic structure of S. tuberosa accessions from four areas of the semiarid region of Brazil, in order to facilitate conservation genetic resources studies in this species. Methods: DNA was extracted, using the CTAB 2x method, from leaf samples of 24 accessions of S. tuberosa available in the germplasm bank at Embrapa Semiárido, Brazil. Ten microsatellite loci were used in this study. Results: The UPGMA dendrogram, generated with a Jaccard coefficient similarity matrix, contains four groups at a 0.44 cutoff point. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.30 to 0.84, indicating great divergence among the accessions. A Bayesian analysis conducted with the software Structure suggests there are two subpopulations, one formed by accessions from the Januária region and another by accessions from the Juazeiro, Uauá and Petrolina regions. The ΦST value of 0.12 for the analysis of molecular variance indicates moderate genetic differentiation among the four populations, suggesting that the genetic variability is moderately structured in function of region. Conclusions: Together, the analyses indicate that the genetic diversity of S. tuberosa is not uniformly distributed in the studied regions. Thus, germplasm from a greater number of populations should be collected to increase the germplasm bank genetic diversity of the species.

Resumen Introducción: Spondias tuberosa es un árbol endémico de la región semiárida de Brasil con potencial frutícola. Objetivo: Estimar la diversidad y caracterizar la estructura genética de accesiones de S. tuberosa en cuatro áreas del semiárido brasileño, para así facilitar estudios de conservación de recursos genéticos de esta especie. Metodología: El ADN fue extraído utilizando el método CTAB 2x a partir de muestras de hojas de 24 accesiones de S. tuberosa disponibles en el banco de germoplasma de Embrapa Semiárido, Brasil. Diez loci de microsatélites fueron usados en este estudio. Resultados: El dendrograma UPGMA generado con una matriz de similitud de coeficientes de Jaccard, formó cuatro grupos con punto de corte en 0.44. El coeficiente de similitud osciló entre 0.30 y 0.84, indicando una gran divergencia entre las accesiones. El análisis Bayesiano realizado en el software Structure sugiere la existencia de dos subpoblaciones, una formada por las accesiones de la región de Januária y otra derivada de las regiones de Juazeiro, Uauá y Petrolina. El valor de ΦST de 0.12 derivado del análisis molecular de la varianza indica moderada variación genética entre las cuatro poblaciones, sugiriendo que la variabilidad genética se estructura moderadamente en función de la región. Conclusiones: Los análisis en conjunto indican que la diversidad genética de S. tuberosa no se encuentra distribuida uniformemente en las regiones estudiadas. Por lo tanto, se debe recolectar germoplasma de un mayor número de poblaciones para aumentar la diversidad genética del banco actual de la especie.

Potencial antimicrobiano e antibiofilme do extrato hidroetanólico da folha de Spondias mombin L e de suas frações frente a microrganismos superinfectantes do meio ambiente bucal / Antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of the hydroethanolic extract of Spondias mombin L leaf and its fractions against superinfecting microorganisms in the oral environment

O controle químico do biofilme bucal atua como método auxiliar do controle mecânico para fins de manutenção e/ou restabelecimento da saúde bucal, agindo também nos demais microrganismos que não são residentes locais da microbiota bucal. Nesse contexto, a literatura já relata que muitos microrganismos superinfectantes podem estar presentes no biofilme bucal e assim, contribuir para a ocorrência de infecções sistêmicas mais graves. Assim sendo, os fitoterápicos têm demonstrado uma ampla variedade de atividades biológicas, em especial a atividade antimicrobiana. Diante disso, o presente estudo buscou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana e antibiofilme do extrato hidroetanólico da folha de Spondias mombin L. (cajá) e de suas frações de flavonóides, taninos e ácidos fenólicos, frente aos microrganismos superinfectantes (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Enterococcus faecalis) do ambiente bucal. Para isso, foram investigadas a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) pela Técnica de Disco-Difusão e pela Técnica da Microdiluição em Caldo, a Concentração Inibitória Mínima de Aderência (CIMA), a Cinética Bactericida e a Atividade Antibiofilme do extrato hidroetanólico da folha Spondias mombin L. e de suas frações sobre a formação de biofilme e em biofilmes pré-formados, utilizando como controle o digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12%, em triplicata. Além da interpretação descritiva, foram aplicados no presente estudo as análises estatísticas do Teste de Tukey e Two-Way ANOVA. Os resultados demonstraram que: para a CIM pela Técnica de Disco-Difusão, o extrato hidroetanólico da folha Spondias mombin L. foi estatisticamente superior ao digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% (p<0,05) para as concentrações de 500µg/mL e250µg/mLe foi estatisticamente superior também às frações estudadas (p<0,05); para a CIM pela Técnica da Microdiluição em Caldo, foi observado que o extrato hidroetanólico da folha Spondias mombin L. foi superior às frações estudadas e semelhante ao grupo controle; para a CIMA, tanto o extrato hidroetanólico da folha de Spondias mombin L., quanto as frações estudadas e o grupo controle exibiram atividade antiaderente; para a Cinética Bactericida, foi verificado que o extrato hidroetanólico, as frações estudadas e o grupo controle possuem atividade bactericida iniciando nas primeiras duas horas de contato com o microrganismo e para a Atividade Antibiofilme, foi observado que, sobre a formação de biofilme e em biofilmes pré-formados, em diferentes concentrações, o extrato hidroetanólico da folha Spondias mombin L. foi estatisticamente superior ao grupo controle (p<0,05), sendo também estatisticamente superior às frações estudadas (p<0,05). Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que o extrato hidroetanólico da folha Spondias mombin L., em diferentes concentrações, se apresentou estatisticamente superior que o digluconato de clorexidina 0,12%, exibindo assim, ação antimicrobiana e atividade antibiofilme. As frações do extrato, porém, exibiram ação antimicrobiana e atividade antibiofilme inferiores ao extrato hidroetanólico e ao digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% (AU).

The chemical control of oral biofilm acts as an auxiliary method of mechanical control for the maintenance and/or restoration of oral health, also acting on other microorganisms that are not local residents of the oral microbiota. In this context, the literature already reports that many superinfecting microorganisms can be present in the oral biofilm and thus contribute to the occurrence of more serious systemic infections. Therefore, herbal medicines have demonstrated a wide variety of biological activities, especially antimicrobial activity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm action of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaf of Spondias mombin L. (cajá) and its fractions of flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids, against superinfecting microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) from the oral environment. For this purpose, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by the Disc-Diffusion Technique and the Broth Microdilution Technique, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Adhesion (MICA), the Bactericidal Kinetics and the Antibiofilm Activity of the hydroethanolic extract of the Spondias mombin L. leaf were investigated and its fractions on biofilm formation and in preformed biofilms, using 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate as a control, in triplicate. In addition to descriptive interpretation, statistical analyzes of the Tukey Test and Two-Way ANOVA were applied in this study. The results showed that: for MIC by the Disc-Diffusion Technique, the hydroethanolic extract of the Spondias mombin L. leaf was statistically superior to 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (p<0.05) for the concentrations of 500µg/mL and 250µg/mL and it was also statistically superior to the studied fractions (p<0.05); for the MIC by the Broth Microdilution Technique, it was observed that the hydroethanolic extract of the Spondias mombin L. leaf was superior to the studied fractions and similar to the control group; for MICA, both the hydroethanolic extract of the leaf of Spondias mombin L., the studied fractions and the control group exhibited antiadherent activity; for Bactericidal Kinetics, it was verified that the hydroethanolic extract, the studied fractions and the control group have bactericidal activity starting in the first two hours of contact with the microorganism and for the Antibiofilm Activity, it was observed that, on the formation of biofilm and in biofilms preformed, at different concentrations, the hydroethanolic extract of the Spondias mombin L. leaf was statistically superior to the control group (p<0.05), being also statistically superior to the studied fractions (p<0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of the Spondias mombin L. leaf, at different concentrations, was statistically superior to 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, thus exhibiting antimicrobial action and antibiofilm activity. The extract fractions, however, exhibited lower antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity than hydroethanolic extract and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (AU).

Atividade antifúngica e potencial antibiofiome do extrato hidroetanólico de Spondias mombin L. e de suas frações frente a leveduras do gênero Candida / Antifungal activity and antibiofiome potential of the hydroethanolic extract of Spondias mombin L. and its fractions against yeasts of the genus Candida

A Candidose é uma patologia que pode ter manifestações locais e também sistêmicas e acontece pela proliferação de fungos do gênero Candida. O tratamento desta patologia é realizado com antifúngicos mas, devido a resistência dos fungos causadores desta enfermidade se faz necessário conhecer outros antifúngicos. A ação antimicrobiana do extrato hidroetanólico de Spondias mombin L. já é conhecida e é fundamental que seja pesquisado a atividade antibiofilme das substâncias, uma vez que estes fungos causam adoecimento quando se acumulam e proliferam. Sabendo disso é que o presente estudo teve por objetivo principal investigar a ação antifúngica e antibiofilme do extrato hidroetanólico (EH) de Spondias mombin L. e das frações de taninos, flavonoides e ácidos fenólicos, frente a fungos do gênero Candida, de importância clínica. Para isto, determinou-se a concentração inibitória mínima por meio do uso de discos e pela técnica da microdiluição em caldo, concentração inibitória mínima de aderência, determinação da curva de morte dos fungos e atividade antibiofilme das frações de ácidos fenólicos, flavonoides e tanino, frente aos fungos Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida Krusei e Candida Glabrata, utilizando como controle positivo a Nistatina (100.000 UI), em triplicata. Foi visto que, a atividade antifúngica e antibiofilme do EH e de suas frações analisadas existe, porém, quando comparamos as frações com o EH este último apresentou melhor atividade em suas maiores concentrações (500 µg/mL e 250 µg/mL) e quando traçamos o comparativo entre a ação antifúngica e antibiofilme das substâncias testadas e do grupo controle, tivemos melhores resultados do grupo controle frente aos fungos testados. Desta forma foi possível concluir que o extrato hidroetanólico apresentam resultados superiores de atividade antifúngica frente a todos os microrganismos testados, exceto C. krusei e antibiofilme frente a, pelo menos, uma das espécies de Candida e que este extrato teve resultados muito semelhantes e, por vezes, superior ao grupo controle (AU).

Candidosis is a pathology that can have local as well as systemic manifestations and happens due to the proliferation of fungi of the Candida genus. The treatment of this pathology is carried out with antifungal agents, but due to the resistance of the fungi that cause this disease, it is necessary to know other antifungal agents. The antimicrobial action of the hydroethanolic extract of Spondias mombin L. is already known and it is essential that the antibiofilm activity of the substances be researched, since these fungi cause illness when they accumulate and proliferate. Knowing that, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal and antibiofilm action of the hydroethanolic extract (EH) of Spondias mombin L. and its fractions, against fungi of the genus Candida, of clinical importance. For this, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined through the use of disks and the technique of microdilution in broth, minimum inhibitory concentration of adhesion, determination of the fungal death curve and antibiofilm activity of the fractions of phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannin, against the fungi Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida Krusei and Candida Glabrata, using nystatin (100,000 IU) as a positive control, in triplicate. It was seen that the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of EH and its analyzed fractions exists, however, when we compare the fractions with EH, the latter showed better activity at its highest concentrations (500 µg/mL e 250 µg/mL) and when we draw the comparison between the antifungal and antibiofilm action of the tested substances and the control group, we had better results than the control group against the tested fungi. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the hydroethanolic extract presented superior results of antifungal activity against all tested microorganisms, except C. krusei and antibiofilm against at least one of the Candida species and that this extract had very similar results and, for times higher than the control group (AU).

Purification and component identification of total proanthocyanidins in Choerospondias axillaris pericarp / 中国中药杂志

The present study determined the quantitative markers of total proanthocyanidins in the purification of the industrial waste Choerospondias axillaris pericarp based on the comparison results of high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and mass spectrometry(MS) and optimized the purification process with two stable procyanidins as markers. The adsorption and desorption of five different macroporous adsorption resins, the static adsorption kinetics curve of NKA-Ⅱ resin, the maximum sample load, and the gradient elution were investigated. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was employed for qualitative analysis of the newly-prepared total proanthocyanidins of C. axillaris pericarp. As revealed by the results, NKA-Ⅱ resin displayed strong adsorption and desorption toward total proanthocyanidins. The sample solution(50 mg·mL~(-1)) was prepared from 70% ethanol crude extract of C. axillaris pericarp dissolved in water and 7-fold BV of the sample solution was loaded, followed by static adsorption for 12 h. After 8-fold BV of distilled water and 6-fold BV of 10% ethanol were employed to remove impurities, the solution was eluted with 8-fold BV of 50% ethanol, concentrated, and dried under reduced pressure, and purified total proanthocyanidin powder was therefore obtained. Measured by vanillin-hydrochloric acid method, the purity and transfer rate of total proanthocyanidins were 47.67% and 59.92%, respectively, indicating the feasibi-lity of the optimized process. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS qualitative analysis identified 16 procyanidins in C. axillaris total proanthocyanidins. The optimized purification process is simple in operation and accurate in component identification, and it can be applied to the process investigation of a class of components that are difficult to be separated and purified. It can also provide technical support and research ideas for the comprehensive utilization of industrial waste.

Spondias mombin L. decoction utilization as antiseptic in cats submitted to castration / Uso de decocto de Spondias mombin L. como antisséptico em felinos submetidos à castração

This survey evaluated mombin leaves (Spondias mombin L.) decoction efficiency as an antiseptic during post-surgery period on cats submitted to orchiectomy and ovariosalpingohisterectomy. For this purpose, 45 castrated mongrels cats were divided into three groups, the first group as a positive control using 0.5% chlorhexidine-alcohol solution, the second a negative control group using sterile distilled water and, finally, the test group using mombin leaves decocted with a concentration of 100 mg/mL. All animals, independent of age and sex, had visibly healed in most cases in a similar time. Animals treated with mombin leaves decoction presented a significant reduction of bacterial growth. In addition, the animals treated in the test group had better surgical wound healing. All isolated bacterial strains presented inhibition halo for chlorhexidine and for Spondias mombin L. Thus, the decoction of Spondias mombin L. leaves proved antiseptic efficacy in the surgical wounds of cats submitted to orchiectomy and ovariosalpingohisterectomy.(AU)

Foi avaliada a eficiência do decocto das folhas de cajá (Spondias mombin L.) como antisséptico no pós-cirúrgico de gatos submetidos à orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia. Para tal, foram submetidos à castração 45 gatos sem raça definida, divididos em três grupos. O primeiro grupo como controle positivo com Solução Alcoólica de Clorexidine a 0,5%; segundo grupo controle negativo com água destilada estéril; e o grupo teste com o decocto de cajá à concentração de 100 mg/mL. Todos os animais, independentemente da idade e sexo, tiveram cicatrização visível em tempo similar. Animais tratados com o decocto apresentaram uma redução significativa do crescimento bacteriano. Além disso, observou-se uma melhor cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas dos animais tratados no grupo teste. Todas as estirpes bacterianas isoladas apresentaram halo de inibição para clorexidine e para Spondias mombin L. Portanto, o decocto das folhas da Spondias mombin L. apresentou eficácia antisséptica nas feridas cirúrgicas de gatos submetidos à orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia.(AU)

Efeitos anti-inflamatório e antioxidante do extrato da folha de Spondias mombin em modelo experimental de mucosite oral / Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Spondias mombin leaf extract in an experimental model of oral mucositis

A Mucosite Oral (MO) caracteriza-se como uma condição inflamatória que se apresenta clinicamente como áreas eritematosas e ulceradas. É a complicação oral mais frequente nos pacientes sob quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço, e seu tratamento visa aliviar a sintomatologia dolorosa e induzir o processo de reparo da lesão. Spondias mombin é uma planta bastante utilizada no nordeste do Brasil e suas folhas são usadas na medicina popular para o tratamento de infecções orais e faríngeas. Objetivo: Avaliar os potenciais antioxidante e anti-inflamatório do extrato hidroetanólico da folha de Spondias mombin (HESM) em modelo experimental de mucosite oral. Metodologia: Foi realizado um ensaio pré-clínico, in vivo, cego, randomizado e controlado. A amostra foi composta por 42 hamsters machos, distribuídos em 6 grupos: Salina (S), Trauma mecânico (TM), 5-fluorouracil/Trauma mecânico (5-FU/TM) e experimentais do HESM nas doses de 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg, administrados diariamente, por dez dias. Os animais foram submetidos a análises bioquímicas e as amostras de bolsas da mucosa jugal foram submetidas a análises macroscópicas, histopatológicas e imuno-histoquímicas, com os marcadores Cox-2, iNOS, NF-kB p50 NLS e MMP-2. Os níveis de IL-1ß e TNF-α foram analisados por imunorreação ELISA e os níveis de estimativa de superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa (GSH) e malondialdeído (MDA) foram submetidos à análise espectroscópica. Resultados: O grupo tratado com HESM na dose de 200 mg/kg apresentou o melhor efeito cicatrizante, não mostrando evidência de ulceração na análise macroscópica (p <0,05). A análise histopatológica desse grupo mostrou reepitelização, infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear discreto e ausência de escore de hemorragia e edema de 1 (1-1) (p <0,05), além de uma grande quantidade de fibras colágenas. Imunoexpressão reduzida de Cox-2, iNOS , NF-kB p50 NLS e MMP-2; diminuição nos níveis de SOD (p <0,05), MDA (p <0,001), IL-1ß (p <0,05) e TNF-α (p <0,001); e aumento nos níveis de GSH (p <0,01) também foram observados nesse mesmo grupo. Conclusão: O HESM (200 mg / kg) reduziu o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação na mucosite oral induzida por 5-fluorouracil em hamsters (AU).

Oral mucositis (MO) is characterized as an inflammatory condition for clinically presenting erythematous and ulcerated areas. It is the most common oral complication in patients undergoing chemotherapy and / or head and neck radiation therapy, and its treatment aims to relieve painful symptoms and induce the injury repair process. Spondias mombin is a plant widely used in northeastern Brazil and its leaves are used in folk medicine to for the treatment of oral and pharyngeal infections. Aim: To evaluate the antioxidant and antiinflammatory potentials of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaf of Spondias mombin (HESM) in an experimental model of oral mucositis. Methods: A pre-clinical, in vivo, blind, randomized and controlled trial was performed. The sample consisted of 42 male hamsters, divided into 6 groups: Saline (S), Mechanical trauma (TM), 5 fluorouracil / Mechanical trauma (5-FU / TM) and experimental HESM doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg / kg, administered daily, for ten days. The animals were submitted to biochemical analyzes and the samples of pouches of the cheek mucosa were subjected to macroscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyzes, with Cox-2, iNOS, NF-kB p50 NLS and MMP-2 markers. The levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α were analyzed by ELISA immunoreaction and the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were submitted to spectroscopic analysis. Results: The HESM-treated group at a dose of 200 mg / kg showed the best healing effect, showing no evidence of ulceration in macroscopic analysis (p <0.05). Histopathological analysis of this group showed reepithelialization, a mild mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and absence of a bleeding and edema score of 1 (1-1) (p <0.05), in addition to a large amount of collagen fibers. Reduced immunoexpression of Cox-2, iNOS, NF-kB p50 NLS and MMP-2; decreased levels of SOD (p <0.05), MDA (p <0.001), IL-1ß (p <0.05) and TNF-α (p <0.001); and an increase in GSH levels (p <0.01) were also observed in this same group. Conclusion: HESM (200 mg / kg) reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in oral mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil in hamsters (AU).

Bioactivity of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. Essential Oils on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner 1818)

Abstract Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the main pests of the soybean crop, being controlled mainly with agrochemicals. The environmental and health risks, as well as the development of resistance by the pests, has led to the search for alternative control measures, aiming to use more eco-friendly procedures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and the bioactivity of Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolia essential oils (EOs) on A. gemmatalis. The major compound in both EOs was α-pinene (60.04 wt.% for S. molle and 38.49 wt.% for S. terebinthifolia). Bioassays were carried out with third instar larvae, with five replicates and each replicate with ten larvae, totaling 50 larvae per treatment. The oils were incorporated in the artificial diet (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% v/v). The controls were: water, Tween-80® 0.5% v/v, and novaluron 0.075% v/v. According to the Probit method, the S. terebinthifolia EO presented a LC50 of 1.74% v/v (1.58-1.97% v/v); it was not possible to determine the LC50 for the S. molle EO. The mortality percentage after 24 and 48 h was 52% and 30% at 2.0% v/v for S. terebinthifolia and S. molle oil, respectively. After 72 h, the mortality rate for S. molle EO have not changed; for S. terebinthifolia EO it increased to 70%; the larvae treated with the chemical control (synthetic insecticide) had a mortality of 100%.

Brazilian red pepper leaves essential oil (Schinus terebinthifolius) in diets for feedlot lambs / Óleo essencial das folhas de aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius) em dietas para cordeiros confinados

Essential oil (EO) from Brazilian red pepper leaves contains antimicrobial compounds that control Gram-positive bacteria in the rumen content, improving the efficiency of ruminal fermentation. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of the Brazilian red pepper leaves EO (Schinus terebinthifolius) as a substitute for monensin on performance, occurrence of coccidiosis by Eimeria ssp., carcass characteristics and meat composition of feedlot lambs. Forty-four lambs, 16 males (12 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês and 4 Santa Inês) and 28 females (16 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês and 12 Santa Inês), with 21.4 ± 1.05 kg of initial body weight (BW), were used in a randomized complete block design. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into 2 periods of 28 days each. The treatments were defined by the inclusion of 8 ppm of monensin (MON), and the doses 0.14% (14EO), 0.28% (28EO) and 0.42% (42EO) of red pepper leaves essential oil (EO). At the end of 56 days, 32 lambs were slaughtered for the measurement of carcass parameters and meat composition. There was no interaction among treatments and periods for average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE) and oocyst of Eimeria ssp. in feces. The treatments did not affect the ADG, DMI and FE; however, the monensin inclusion decreased the oocyst of Eimeria ssp. (P = 0.01). There was a tendency (P = 0.06) of increase in hot carcass yield for lambs fed 28EO compared to 14EO. In addition, the cold carcass yield was higher (P = 0.02) in the animals fed 28EO and 42EO. The subcutaneous fat thickness was not affected by the experimental diets; however, there was a tendency for lambs from 28EO and 42EO treatments to present higher body wall thickness (P = 0.07) and Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.07) when compared to MON. The higher doses of red pepper leaves EO increased the percentage of crude protein (P < 0.01) and mineral matter (P = 0.02) in the chemical composition of meat. Although the performance of lambs did not change, the inclusion of 0.28 and 0.42% red pepper leaves EO improve the carcass characteristics and change the meat composition, demonstrating the potential of the use of this additive in confined lamb diets. However, the monensin has greater potential to control coccidiosis in feedlot lambs compared with red pepper leaves EO.(AU)

O óleo essencial das folhas da aroeira possui compostos antimicrobianos que controlam a população de bactérias gram-positivas presentes no conteúdo ruminal, melhorando a eficiência do processo de fermentação. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar os efeitos do óleo essencial das folhas da aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius) em substituição a monensina sobre o desempenho, ocorrência de coccidiose por Eimeria ssp., características de carcaça e da carne de cordeiros confinados. Quarenta e quatro cordeiros, 16 machos (12 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês e 4 Santa Inês) e 28 fêmeas (16 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês e 12 Santa Inês), com 21,4 ± 1,05 kg de peso inicial, foram utilizados em delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso. O experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em 2 períodos de 28 dias cada. Os tratamentos foram definidos pela inclusão de 8 ppm de monensina sódica (MON) e as doses 0,14% (14OE), 0,28% (28OE) e 0,42% (42OE) do óleo essencial (OE) das folhas da aroeira. Ao final dos 56 dias, 32 animais foram abatidos para a mensuração dos parâmetros de carcaça e análise química da carne. Não houve interação entre tratamento e período experimental para ganho médio diário (GMD), consumo de matéria seca (CMS), eficiência alimentar (EA) e ocorrência de coccidiose. Não houve efeito das dietas experimentais sobre GMD, CMS e EA, entretanto, a inclusão de monensina reduziu o número de oocistos de Eimeria ssp. (P = 0,01). Houve tendência de aumento no rendimento de carcaça quente (P = 0,06) para os cordeiros alimentados com 28OE comparados com o tratamento 14OE. Além disso, o rendimento de carcaça fria foi maior (P = 0,02) para os animais alimentados com 28OE e 42OE. A espessura de gordura subcutânea não foi afetada pelas dietas experimentais, entretanto, houve tendência dos cordeiros dos tratamentos 28OE e 42OE apresentarem maior espessura de parede corporal (P = 0,07) e área de olho de lombo (P = 0,07) quando comparados a MON. As maiores doses de OE das folhas de aroeira aumentaram a porcentagem de proteína bruta (P < 0,01) e matéria mineral (P = 0,02) na composição química da carne dos cordeiros. Apesar de não alterar o desempenho dos cordeiros, a inclusão de 0,28 e 0,42% de OE das folhas de aroeira foi capaz de alterar as características de carcaça e composição química da carne, demonstrando o potencial de utilização desse aditivo em dietas para cordeiros confinados. Entretanto, a monensina possui maior capacidade de controlar a coccidiose em cordeiros confinados quando comparado ao OE das folhas da aroeira.(AU)

Dermatites de contato causadas por aroeiras (Anacardiaceae) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Contact dermatitis caused by mastic (Anacardiaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Contexto e objetivos: Aroeira é o nome popular de árvores da família Anacardiaceae, que inclui plantas sensibilizantes como a poison ivy norte-americana (Toxicodendron radicans), o cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) e a mangueira (Mangifera indica). Este estudo procura caracterizar o conhecimento sobre as aroeiras e a frequência de manifestações clínicas em camponeses. Desenho e local: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo com pacientes e acompanhantes residentes em ampla área rural de cerrado no Centro-Oeste paulista. Métodos: A frequência e a relação causal entre a exposição a aroeiras, comuns na região, e a dermatite eczematosa típica foi pesquisada. Para a avaliação, foi utilizado um questionário específico. Resultados: Todos os 39 entrevistados conheciam aroeiras (100%) e 17 deles (43,58%) relataram ter se aproximado ou descansado sob essas árvores. Mais da metade deles (56,41% ou 22 indivíduos) relataram dermatites que relacionaram às arvores. Os demais entrevistados não desenvolveram reações, mas conheciam pessoas que o fizeram (43,59%). Três pacientes, ou 7,69% da amostra, apresentavam lesões de padrão eczematoso, creditando-as ao contato com aroeiras-bravas (Lithraea molleoides). Discussão: Devido à alta frequência com que essas árvores são encontradas no campo (cerrado brasileiro) e aos dados obtidos, percebemos também uma alta frequência de sensibilização nas áreas rurais. Conclusões: É imperativo que as campanhas de orientação e alerta sejam desenvolvidas para aumentar a conscientização sobre riscos potenciais, de modo que o contato com essas árvores seja evitado, evitando condições alérgicas que podem ser tão extensas quanto graves.

Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil and fractions in the control of Aedes aegypti / Schinus terebinthifolius óleo essencial e frações no controle do Aedes aegypti

Several technologies have been developed to controlAedes aegypti, mainly studies on isolated plant molecules. The Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi) (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as pink pepper is a plant widely used in reforestation of degraded areas and its fruits are used as condiments. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of essential oils (EOs) and fractions (FRs) obtained from fresh fruits and leaves of S. terebinthifolius. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation (2 hours), fractionated on a chromatographic column using as the stationary phase silica gel 60 (0.063-0.2mm), mobile phases: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol and chemically evaluated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC/MS). EOs and FRs were tested against larvae of the third stage and pupae of Ae. aegypti by Immersion Test at concentrations ranging from 500.00 to 0.003 mg mL-1 (v/v). The hexane FRs obtained from fruits and leaves were the ones that showed the greatest activity on the larvae (LC99.9= 0.60 mg mL-1 and LC99.9 0.64 mg mL-1, respectively) and pupae (LC99,9 = 2.51 mg mL-1 and 2.61 mg mL-1, respectively). These results were confirmed by the anticholinesterase activity where the hexane (fruit and leaf) FRs presented the highest inhibitory potential on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.156 mg mL-1 and 0.312 mg mL-1, respectively), suggesting the likely mechanism of action. The larvicidal potential can be explained by the presence of the major compounds bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D in the hexane FRs, indicating in this way that they may replace or even act in synergisms with conventional chemical larvicides. In this way the present study opens the field for new researches, aiming the development of products with the compounds bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D, as an alternative in the control of this culicide.

Diversas tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas para o controle do Aedes aegypti, destacando pesquisas com moléculas isoladas de plantas. A Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi) (Anacardiaceae), conhecida popularmente como pimenta rosa é uma planta muito utilizada no reflorestamento de áreas degradadas e seus frutos são utilizados como condimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial dos óleosessenciais (OEs) e frações (FRs) obtidos dos frutos e folhas frescos de S. terebinthifolius. Os OEs foram obtidos por hidrodestilação (2 horas), fracionados em coluna cromatográfica utilizando como fase estacionária sílica gel 60 (0,063-0,2mm), fases móveis: n-hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e metanol e avaliados quimicamente por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Os OEs e FRs foram testados frente a larvas do terceiro estádio e pupas do Ae. aegypti pelo Teste de Imersão em concentrações que variaram de 500,00 à 0,003 mg/mL (v/v). As FRs hexano obtidas dos frutos e folhas, foram as que apresentaram maior atividade sobre as larvas (CL99,9= 0,60 mg mL-1 e CL99,9 0,64 mg mL-1, respectivamente) e pupas (CL99,9= 2,51mg mL-1 e 2,61 mg mL-1, respectivamente). Estes resultados foram confirmados pela atividade anticolinesterase onde as FRs hexano (fruto e folha), foram as que apresentaram maior potencial inibitório sobre a enzima acetilcolinesterase (0,156 mg mL-1 e 0,312 mg mL-1, respectivamente), sugerindo desta forma o provável mecanismo de ação. O potencial larvicida encontrado pode ser explicado pela presença dos compostos majoritários biciclogermacreno e germacreno D nas FRs hexano, indicando desta forma, queestes possam vir a substituir, ou até mesmo agir em sinergismos com os larvicidas químicos convencionais. Desta forma o presente estudo abre campo para novas pesquisas, visando o desenvolvimento de produtos com os compostos bicyclogermacrene e germacrene D, como alternativa no controle deste culicídeo.

Análises físico-químicas, fenólicos e antioxidantes de polpa de ciriguela (Spondias purpurea L. ) / Physical-chemical analysis, phenolics and antioxidant of ciriguela pulp (Spondias purpurea L. )

O Brasil é o maior produtor de frutas in natura, dentre os frutos produzidos está a Spondias purpúrea L. bastante consumida in natura tal como parte de outros produtos. Desta forma, objetivou-se elaborar a polpa de ciriguela e avaliar suas características físico-químicas, compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes. Os frutos foram despolpados e realizadas as análises físico-químicas (conforme IAL), os compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes foram determinados por espectrofotometria. A polpa apresentou pH de 3,5, acidez de 0,76% em ácido cítrico, 14,74ºBrix de sólidos solúveis, 28,76 mg/100g de vitamina C, 800 EAG mg/100 g de compostos fenólicos e 26,19 mg/ml de antioxidantes. Com os resultados obtidos, evidencia-se que a polpa de ciriguela tem benefícios não apenas nutricionais como é uma boa fonte de compostos fenólico e antioxidante.

Atomização de polpa de cajá-umbu utilizando maltodextrina como agente carreador em diferentes temperaturas de secagem / Atomization of pulp cajá-umbu using maltodextrin as carrier agent and different drying temperatures

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter e caracterizar de polpa de cajá-umbu atomizada por spray-dryer. A cajá-umbu madura passaram pelas etapas de seleção, lavagem, sanitização, enxágue e despolpamento, obtendo-se assim a polpa. Para atomização por spray dryer adicionou-se 15% de maltodextrina e atomizou em três temperaturas de entrada (100, 120 e 160ºC). A polpa de cajá-umbu in natura e atomizadas foram submetidas a análise de umidade, atividade de água (aw), cinzas, sólidos solúveis, acidez, pH, vitamina C e carotenoides. A polpa in natura apresentou maiores teores de carotenoides (16,58 µg·g-1) demonstrando que a atomização influência nos carotenoides, já a polpa atomizada, apresentou menor teor de umidade com o aumento da temperatura de secagem e reduziu a aw. Para obtenção do pó de cajá-umbu indica-se o uso da temperatura de 120°C.